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Day of Infamy
Just before eight a.m. on December 7, 141, Japan led a deadly attack on American soldiers at Pearl Harbor. The attack lasted less then two hours, but within that time frame the Japanese planes managed to drop so many bombs and torpedoes that "the United States sustained ,45 casualties and loss or severe damage to 188 aircraft, eight battle ships, three light cruisers, and four other vessels"(Pearl). A few hours later President Franklin D. Roosevelt would find himself, "finishing lunch in his oval study on the second floor of the White House, [and] preparing to work on his stamp album"(Heritage) when he received an urgent call from Frank Knox, the Secretary for the Navy. Knox informed Roosevelt of the deadly attacks. Roosevelt began his speech almost immediately.
Roosevelt knew what he had to do he had to go before congress and declare war. He dictated his first draft to his secretary saying Im going before Congress tomorrow, and Id like to dictate my message. It will be short"(Heritage). In his first draft, his opening sentence did not even have the word infamy in it. It read, "Yesterday, December seventh, 141, a date which will live in world history,(Heritage), he later changed the phrase, "world history" to "infamy" and so the speech is born.
Where as his first draft has many hand written corrections on it, his second draft does not, however there are three drafts. It appears as though the President went back to his first draft of the "Infamy Speech" and revised it even more making it not only his first draft, but also his third draft. Surprisingly Roosevelt wrote this speech mostly on his own choosing not to use his own speechwriters. This speech was written and revised in a few short hours. Usually, a speech took from three to ten days to prepare (Heritage).
Custom Essays on Day of Infamy
I had an opportunity to listen to this speech in two different mediums. I first watched and listened to the speech on my television in my apartment. I rented Volume of the "Great American Speeches 80 Years of Political Oratory". I also listened to it several times on my computer. I downloaded a file from the Internet, which allowed me to listen to it several times.
Roosevelt used many techniques when delivering his "Infamy" speech to a joint session of congress on December 8, 141. I believe his most impacting technique was the amount of pauses he took. It was almost as though after he would speak a sentence he would pause so that his audience, the Nation, would have time to take in what he had just said. His volume, pitch, and rate also influenced his audience greatly. He sounded angry and almost disgusted with what the Japanese had done to the United States. He made sure that the Nation knew it had been attacked when he spoke of the Hawaiian islands
When Roosevelt delivered the speech, most of his on-the-spot changes involved word order. But many people had never heard of Oahu, the Hawaiian island on which Pearl Harbor and Honolulu are located, so it became the American island of Oahu to establish the fact that America had been attacked (Heritage).
The President presented this speech not as a politician would, but as an angry citizen would have. He pronounced each word clearly and slowly. He was very clear in his message that the United Stated had to go to war; to protect itself and to make sure that an attack like this would never again take place.
When Roosevelt delivered this speech to the United States he was seated at a podium in Congress and it appeared as though he almost knew his speech by heart because he looked up into the crowd never reading much of his speech. He was dressed in a suit appropriate for the business that was going to be taking place. He moved his head several times back and forth. He remained calm and poised but it seemed as though he wanted to shout out in anger. The president spoke using a multitude of short sentences, but this was just another way of getting straight to the point.
The speech begins with the President reminding the Nation of the events that took place the previous day. He not only uses the phrase, "Yesterday", but also reminded his audience of the actual date, "December 7, 141" going on to say it is a day "which will live in infamy"(Franklin). This was done so that the feelings of shock and anger were rehashed. The body of the speech is just another account of what the Japanese had done to other countries and nations. The conclusion of the speech is Roosevelt asking Congress to declare a state of war between the United States and the Empire of Japan (Franklin). As far as strong points of the speech, I cannot point out one phrase that one me over. The entire speech itself does that. As far as weak points, I do not believe there were any at all. He spoke as if he meant every word he was saying, and he did mean every word he said, he wrote the speech, his staff did not. This was truly a speech from the heart that reached out to his entire audience.
In this short, six-minute speech, the President manages to gain unanimous support for declaration of war. I believe this unanimous support is a direct effect of how Roosevelt transformed himself from being the President of the United States of America to being just a regular Citizen of the United States of America.
Bibliography
Franklin D. Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor Speech. Google. 0 July 00. http//bcn.boulder.co.us/government/national/speeches/spch.html
Great American Speeches 80 Years of Political Oratory. Films for the Humanities and Sciences. Princeton, New Jersey. 17.
Pearl Harbor Remembered Oregonians and the Attack of Pearl Harbor. Google. 0 July 00. http//arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/pearl/pearl.htm
Our Heritage http//www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/winter_001_crafting_day_of_infamy_speech.html
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