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Step's to the scientific method
1. Observing- observing is the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation often involves making measurements and collecting data. The data may be descriptive or numerical in nature.
. Formulating Hypotheses- The hypothesis serves as a basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments. Hypotheses are often drafted as "if-then" statements. The "then" part of the hypothesis is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.
. Testing Hypotheses- Testing hypotheses requires experimentation that provides data to support of refute a hypothesis or theory. If testing reveals that the predications were not correct, the generalizations on which the predictions were based must be discarded or modified. One of the most difficult, yet most important aspects of science is rejecting a hypothesis that is not supported by data.
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4. Theorizing- when the data from experiments show that the predictions of the hypothesis are successful, scientists typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model. Theories are considered successful if they can predict the results of many new experiments.
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Qualitative- to define the properties in an experiment
Quantitative- numbering the amount in experiments
d=m/v
Properties of Matter
Extensive- depends on the amount of matter that is present.
Intensive- does not depend on the amount of matter that is present.
Physical- A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.
Chemical- Relates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.
Physical changes- a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of a substance. Ex. Grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling.
Chemical change- a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.
Solids, Liquids, Gases and Plasma
Solids- a state that has definite volume and definite shape.
Liquid- a state that has a definite volume but an indefinite shape
Gas- a state has neither definite volume nor definite shape
Plasma- A high temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose their electrons.
Elements vs. Compounds
Element- A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom.
Compound- A substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements.
Non-metals, Metals, Metalloids, and Noble Gases
Non-metal- An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Metals- An element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Metalloids- An element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of non-metals.
Noble Gases- Elements that are generally unreactive, with low reactivity.
SI Units and Prefixes
Units
QuantityQuantity SymbolUnit NameUnit Abbreviation
LengthLMeterM
MassMKilogramKg
TimeTSecondS
TemperatureTKelvinK
Amount of SubstanceNMoleMol
Electric currentIAmpereA
Luminous IntensitylvCandelaCD
Prefixes
PrefixUnit abbreviationExponential FactorMeaning
TeraT1011 000 000 000 000
GigaG101 000 000 000
MegaM1061 000 000
KiloK101000
HectoH10100
DekaDa10110
DeciD10-11/10
CentiC10-1/100
MilliM10-1/1000
MicroM10-61/1 000 000
NanoN10-1/100 000 000
PicoP10-11/1 000 000 000 000
FemtoF10-51/1 000 000 000 000 000
AttoA10-181/1 000 000 000 000 000 000
Homogeneous Vs. Heterogeneous
Homogeneous- Some mixtures are uniform in composition; such as salt solutions.
Heterogeneous- Mixtures that are not uniform throughout; clay in water.
Pure vs. Mixtures
Mixture- A blend of two or more kinds of matter, of which retains its own identity and properties.
Pure Substance- It has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture.
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