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O-Kay. .. i think this is sad yall need to find essays and crap because you cant do your own but wuteva. O this is the essay i did for the World History class that I am currently failing XO
Cleopatra VII was born in 6 B.C., Alexandria, Egypt, into the Ptolemaic dynasty. Her father was the Macedonian ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy XII. Cleopatra had two younger brother, two older sisters, and one younger sister. Cleopatra also had another sister, Cleopatra VI, but had died as a child, while her older sisters Berenice and Auletes were beheaded. When the father, Ptolemy XII, died in the spring of 51 B.C., the children were left to be taken care of Pompey, who was a Roman leader. In Ptolemy's will he had left his empire to his children, and they would soon take on such great responsibilities at a young age. Cleopatra had inherited the throne at seventeen, with her brother at twelve. But these responsibilities were heavy, for the dynasty's power was failing, as Rome seemed to take over. Yet the children would do what they could to fight for their country, and do their best, and do whatever necessary.
While given tutors, and education, Cleopatra was a very charismatic person, and extremely social. She was a smart and clever woman, who was also fluent in nine languages, excluding Latin. Also, she was very interested in Egypt's future. Her political knowledge was an essential part in her plan to achieve her dream, to be the empress of the world.
Once Cleopatra began her reign, the political advisors insisted that there be a male presence within the rule, so she had to marry her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII. But Cleopatra ignored his presence, wanting it to be her own empire, as she drops his name from her records, and documents. She had her face and title on the monetary units of Egypt, to signify her being the one ruler.
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Then three years later, the married siblings began to fight each other for the crown. Ptolemy had the support of other Generals, and overthrew her from the throne, favoring Ptolemy. They believed him to be much easier to manipulate for whatever there plans would be. Cleopatra was forced into exile, and left Alexandria, as well as her supporters. During their little family feud, the country was suffering from drought and bad harvests, because the Nile River was in need of flooding. Ptolemy prohibited shipments of grain to anywhere, except Alexandria. This was supposedly done on purpose to make Cleopatra suffer more, for she was not in Alexandria. The appointed guardian of Cleopatra, and Ptolemy after their father's death, Pompey, was fleeing from a battle at Pharsalus. By then, his defeat had destroyed his reputation, and as he entered Alexandria, Ptolemy murdered him, on September 8, 48 BC. Soon Ptolemy began to plot against Cleopatra's life. So in her own defense, she had moved to Syria with her sister Arisnoe, and supporters. There she gathered up the army she could from Arab tribes, and met up with her brother's army, in Pelusium, near the border of Egypt.
Julius Caesar had then arrived in Alexandria, while Ptolemy and Cleopatra were in Pelusium. He had brought with him thirty-two hundred legionnaires and eight hundred cavalry, in an effort to pursue Pompey, who was now already dead. Caesar had sat in the Royal Throne in Alexandria, and gave out his orders to bring to him Ptolemy and Cleopatra. Meanwhile, Cleopatra had heard that Julius Caesar was in Alexandria, Egypt. She knew that this also had something to do with the future of Egypt's monarchs, and plans, and did not want to be left out of it. She had cleverly smuggled herself in an oriental rug to Alexandria, which was to be presented to Caesar as a gift. The battle was stopped, and Ptolemy left Pelusium for Alexandria. But Cleopatra had already made it to Alexandria before him, and had seduced Caesar. Then she told Caesar of her brothers horrible plans to kill her. The next day, when Ptolemy arrived in Alexandria, Caesar heard both sides of the story from Cleopatra and Ptolemy, and had sided with Cleopatra. Ptolemy was extremely furious, after he had realized that the two were lovers. He yelled and screamed, running from the palace, and trying to stir up a mob in the streets. He failed, as the Romans dragged him back into the palace. There Ptolemy had realized that Caesar was going to declare Cleopatra the ruler of Egypt.
A war in Alexandria started, as Ptolemy's supporters called their army, and created a mob, which surrounded Caesar in the palace, with twenty thousand men. During this war Caesar had captured the Pharos Lighthouse, for his harbors. Also, Cleopatra's sister Arisnoe had fled from the palace, and to Achillas, one of Ptolemy's advisors. There the mob and army of Ptolemy's had named Arisnoe Queen of Egypt. But the title was stripped from her as the war ended, when Caesar had Ptolemy's supporters executed, and Achillas was murdered. Caesar's army had then chased Ptolemy XIII out of Alexandria, where he tried to flee from them, but ended up drowning in the Nile River. Now Cleopatra was left alive, Caesar had restored her to power, as the one and only sole ruler of Egypt. Once more only to please the Priests of Egypt, and the people of Alexandria, she had to marry her last brother, Ptolemy XIV, now eleven years of age.
Again, Cleopatra ignored her new husband, and sibling, and left him for Caesar. She became pregnant with Caesar's only child, very quickly. He was very enthusiastic about it, so he took her on a two-month trip along the Nile River. This boy was now going to be the heir to his throne, and it appealed to him all the more. Soon his son was born on June , 47 BC, as Ptolemy Caesar, better known as Caesarion.
Soon Caesar went back home to Rome in 46 BC, having celebrations from September to October, for a ten-year dictatorship, and given many honors. With him he happily brought Cleopatra and his son, whom he claimed his openly, surprising many of the Romans. Most of the conservative Republicans were offended when Julius Caesar had placed Cleopatra in his home. Her social manners, and her differences never helped the situation, and Cleopatra was the topic of all gossip. But that did not make her very popular, as she upset many. Yet she was still living in luxury, as Caesar had made Cleopatra a statue of gold in the Temple of Venus, beside of him. Caesarion was of course declared the heir to his throne, and many Romans were upset that Julius Caesar was going to ignore the laws of bigamy (on Cleopatra's behalf) and marriage to foreigners, and marry her anyways.
The gossip, talk, and rising tensions ended when Julius Caesar was murdered outside the Senate Building in Rome, by a conspiracy of the Senators. They believed Caesar a threat to the welfare of the Republic, and may have proclaimed himself king. Afterwards, Cleopatra had this distinct feeling that if she stayed any longer, her life and her son's would be in grave danger. Further Caesar had not mentioned the two in his will, so she escaped from Rome, and headed home to Alexandria.
When Cleopatra returned to Alexandra, she had her young husband, Ptolemy XIV, assassinated, and had made her son Caesarion co-regent, when he was four years old. She found her country was once again dying, as harvests and crops were failed, and the Nile canals were dry, needing more flooding, due to the fact they were neglected during her absence. Cleopatra wanted to try and ensure the future of her son, and her country by receiving Casaerion's recognition as Caesar's son, with Caesar's former lieutenant, Dolabella. Cleopatra sent four legions, which Caesar had left in Egypt, to Dolabella, but Cassius intercepted them, and captured them before Dolabella could receive them, causing him to commit suicide in the summer of 4 BC. Cleopatra decided she would try another way to a good future, by joining Marc Antony and Octavian, with a large fleet of ships, after Dolabella's death, yet stopped by a vicious storm.
Cleopatra had realized that she was a woman, living in a man's world, and there would probably be only one way to stay alive, and keep her country from falling apart. She had to use her female tricks in order to gain better political influence. So she waited, and watched to see who would be the next in power of Rome. Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus were triumphant, and she knew that she would have to choose one of them. She decided that Antony would be the one in power, since Octavian had gone back to Italy, with illness. Later, Marc Antony invited Cleopatra to Tarsus, in 41 BC. By this time, Cleopatra had learned much about him, and how to get him to be hers to influence. She knew that he had somewhat limited tactical and strategic abilities, his drinking, womanizing, ambitions, and crudity. Egypt was soon edging towards an economic failure, yet Cleopatra had to impress Marc Antony, making it look as rich and desirable as ever, and extremely entertaining. Antony was impressed, and loved the idea that she was "blue-blooded" like him. This was not nearly as appealing as his middle-class wife, Fulvia.
The two spent a winter in Alexandria, from 41 to 40 BC. During which she was able to get whatever it is she wanted from him. She even had her sister, Arisnoe, assassinated, leaving no threat to her position as the rule left. Cleopatra though didn't have as much influence over him as she thought, especially when he took the control of Cyprus away from her. Yet still Cleopatra held on, and knew that this was the man to place her money on, and Antony was in need of money. She thought it best to invest, especially when it would benefit her also.
When spring came, in 40 BC, Marc Antony had left Cleopatra and Egypt, returning home. Never did they see each other for four years. But during this lapse of time, Antony's wife got into a serious movement in opposition to Octavian, for his veteran's allotments of land. She had gone back to Greece, a bitter confrontation with Antony. Soon she became ill, and died there. Antony did his best to make things better between him and Octavian, by marrying his beautiful and intelligent sister, Octavia. She had recently been widowed, with three children from her former marriage. Antony's first child with Octavia was a girl, yet Cleopatra had given birth to twins, a girl and a boy. If Octavia had given Antony a son, then the future may have been different, and he wouldn't keep thinking of the treasures he had in Ptolemies.
Marc Antony left Italy to deal with the Parthians, when Octavia had another daughter. She accompanied him on his way, as far as Corcyra, when he gave her an excuse that he didn't want her to be exposed to any dangerous battles while he was there. So she was sent back home, where she would be better use to him keeping the peace between Antony and Octavian. When Antony reached Antioch, he sent for Cleopatra, where he met his two children. Proudly he named his son Alexander Helios, and his daughter Cleopatra Selene. Also he gave Cleopatra the essential land she needed for Egypt, which was Cyprus, the Cilican coast, Phoenicia, Coele-Syria, Judea, and Arabia. Because of this, Egypt was able to build more ships with lumber, and have a stronger fleet. While Cleopatra concentrated on getting her country back together with the land and resources she was given, Marc Antony planned his campaign against the Parthians. But he really needed Cleopatra's support in order to win; yet he was defeated in 6 BC. There he became more in dept with Cleopatra, when also she had given him a third child.
When they returned to Syria, Cleopatra met with him, and whatever it was left of his army, including the clothing, food, and money. Soon, early in 5 BC, he returned to Egypt with Cleopatra, yet Antony's wife, Octavia, was already waiting for him with food, supplies, and reinforcements in Athens. He wrote her a letter, telling her to stay there, and not to come for him. Octavian seemed a bit suspicious, and began to provoke Antony into a fight. Octavian realized troops and ships, ready to compel Antony into a war between them. If Antony had not stayed with Cleopatra, and had gone back to Rome, then he could have tried to make things better between his wife, and Octavian, yet Cleopatra did her best to keep him in Alexandria. But throughout it all, Octavia still remained loyal to Antony, despite her brother's dispute.
Marc Antony tried another campaign with Armenia, in which he succeeded and won in 4 BC. This was a rewarding victory, and a financial reward also. He celebrated the victory with Cleopatra in a parade throughout Alexandria, calling Cleopatra the New Isis, and himself the New Dionysus. Only a few days later, a ceremony more involved in politics took place, as Marc Antony sat on the throne, giving the Cleopatra's children their royal titles. Caesarion received the title King of Kings, his mother Cleopatra received the title Queen of Kings, Alexander Helios received the title Great King of Seleucid, and Cleopatra Selene was called Queen of Cyrenaica and Crete. While Antony's youngest son, Ptolemy Philadelphos, was given the name King of Syria and Asia Minor, being the age of two now.
Finally, Antony had divorced Octavia in 1 BC, forcing the Western world to realize his relationship with Cleopatra, as he already had her name and face placed on the silver denarii, which was a Roman coin circulated throughout the Mediterranean. Somewhat a mistake, as his allegiance with Rome was ended, for Octavia was the only one keeping it together. With this, Octavian (who was now to be Emperor Augustus Caesar) had formally declared war on Cleopatra, not mentioning Marc Antony at all, though Antony may have had everything to do with it.
As everyone watched the war begin, they had all predicted that Marc Antony and Cleopatra would prevail and win, starting their own empire, questing the world. Marc Antony defended Alexandria, but did not try as hard, as Octavian's admiral, Agrippa, was carefully planning out a victorious defeat. Soon, in less than a year, Octavian's navy brutally defeated Antony in the battle of Actium, September , 1 BC. During the battle of Actium, Cleopatra and Antony sought refuge in Alexandria.
There in Alexandria, Marc Antony had committed suicide by his own sword, in 0 BC. After his death, Cleopatra was taken to Octavian, who would explain her role in his triumph. He of course warned her that he would have no relationship with her, negotiations, or reconciliation. He would display her as a slave in her own former cities, and be humiliated for the rest of her life. Knowing she would not want to live this way, she committed suicide by having herself bitten by an asp, or Egyptian Cobra, which was brought to her in a basket of figs. Due to the Egyptian Religion, this would secure her immortality, as she would pass on to the next world. She was also granted her dying wish, which was to not be forgotten. Yet after her death, her son Caesarion was strangled, while her other children were raised by Antony's former wife, Octavia.
Cleopatra was of Macedonian decent, but the Ptolemies lived and ruled like Egyptians, therefore leaving her the last Pharaoh of Egypt.
Farah, Mournir. World History, The Human Experience. Ohio The McGraw-Hill Companies, 17.
______. "Cleopatra VII." [Online] Available at URL http//www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Shores/707/cleopatra/cleo7.htm, December 7, 00.
______. "Life of Cleopatra VII." [Online] Available at URL http//www.sangha.net/messengers/Cleopatra/bio.htm, December , 00.
______. "Cleopatra VII." [Online] Available at URL www.mirthe.org/history/ cleopatra.php, January , 00.
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